![]() Īccording to Wen Ruilin's Lost History of the South ( Nanjiang Yishi, 南疆繹史), prior to the Qing invasion of Nanjing Hu studied at the National University there, and whilst a student was employed by the Ministry of Rites to record official proclamations he produced the Imperial Promotion of Minor Learning ( Qin Ban Xiaoxue, 御頒小學) and the Record of Displayed Loyalty ( Biaozhong Ji, 表忠記) as part of this work. The court offered him the position of Drafter for the Secretariat ( zhongshu sheren, 中書舍人) as a reward, but he did not accept the role (although he did accord himself the title of zhongshu sheren in some of his subsequent personal seals). Hu, who was noted for his seal-carving and facility with seal script, created a seal for the new Emperor. Following the fall of the capital Beijing in 1644, remnants of the imperial family and a few ministers set up a Ming loyalist regime in Nanjing with Zhu Yousong on the throne as the Hongguang Emperor. ĭuring Hu's lifetime, the Ming dynasty, which had ruled China for over 250 years, was overthrown and replaced by China's last imperial dynasty, the Qing. ![]() It functioned as the headquarters for his printing business, where he employed ten artisans including his two brothers Zhengxin and Zhengxing ( 正行, art name Zizhu, 子著) and his sons Qipu ( 其樸) and Qiyi ( 其毅, courtesy name 致果). Hu named it the Ten Bamboo Studio ( Shizhuzhai, 十竹齋), after the ten bamboo plants that grew in front of the property. Their home on Jilongshan ( 雞籠山, now also known as Beiji Ge), a hill located just within the northern city wall, served as a meeting-house for like-minded artists. īy 1619, Hu had moved to Nanjing where he lived with his wife Wu. It is commonly stated that Zhengyan himself was also a doctor, though the earliest sources attesting to this occur only in the second half of the 19th century. Both his father and elder brother Zhengxin ( 正心, art name Wusuo, 無所) were physicians, and after he turned 30 he travelled with them while they practised medicine in the areas around Lu'an and Huoshan. Hu was born in Xiuning County, Anhui Province in 1584 or early 1585. Many of these were edited and prefaced by Hu and his brothers. His studio also published seal catalogues, academic and medical texts, books on poetry, and decorative writing papers. Hu is best known for his manual of painting entitled The Ten Bamboo Studio Manual of Painting and Calligraphy, an artist's primer which remained in print for around 200 years. Hu's work at the Ten Bamboo Studio pioneered new techniques in colour printmaking, leading to delicate gradations of colour which were not previously achievable in this art form. He owned and operated an academic publishing house called the Ten Bamboo Studio, in which he practised various multi-colour printing and embossing techniques, and he employed several members of his family in this enterprise. He did, however, design the Hongguang Emperor's personal seal, and his loyalty to the dynasty was such that he largely retired from society after the emperor's capture and death in 1645. A Ming loyalist, he was offered a position at the rump court of the Hongguang Emperor, but declined the post, and never held anything more than minor political office. Hu lived in Nanjing during the transition from the Ming dynasty to the Qing dynasty. He worked in calligraphy, traditional Chinese painting, and seal-carving, but was primarily a publisher, producing academic texts as well as records of his own work. 1584 – 1674) was a Chinese artist, printmaker and publisher.
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